If Godsend leaves the battlefield, and later another Godsend enters the battlefield, it is a new object (even if the two were represented by the same card). The new Godsend won't stop opponents from casting cards with the same name as cards exiled with the first one.

Godsend's triggered ability doesn't target any creature. You could exile a creature with protection from white, for example. You choose which creature to exile when the ability resolves.

Godsend's triggered ability will trigger only once no matter how many creatures the equipped creature blocks or becomes blocked by.

If Godsend exiles a land card (perhaps because it was turned into a creature and then blocked or was blocked by the equipped creature), opponents can still play land cards with the same name as the exiled card. Godsend stops only the casting of spells.