Crackling Doom doesn't target any player or creature. For example, a creature with protection from black could be sacrificed.

If a player controls two or more creatures tied for the greatest power among creatures they control, that player chooses one of them to sacrifice.

In a multiplayer game, each opponent, starting with the active player and proceeding in turn order, chooses which creature they will sacrifice and then all creatures are sacrificed at the same time. Each successive player will know what the players before them chose to sacrifice.

The sacrifice is not dependent on the damage being dealt. It doesn't matter if that damage is prevented or redirected.